{"id":1832,"date":"2025-06-11T18:47:23","date_gmt":"2025-06-11T18:47:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/colapso.ggf.br\/?p=1832"},"modified":"2025-06-11T18:47:23","modified_gmt":"2025-06-11T18:47:23","slug":"toposequences-what-are-we-really-studying","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/colapso.ggf.br\/en\/toposequences-what-are-we-really-studying\/","title":{"rendered":"Toposequences: What Are We Really Studying?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"173\" data-end=\"436\">In Soil Geography, few terms are as widely used \u2014 and as poorly understood \u2014 as \u201ctoposequence.\u201d Over the decades, this concept has been applied at different scales and for various purposes, but not always with precision. So, what is (or should be) a toposequence?<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"438\" data-end=\"862\">In an article published in the <em data-start=\"469\" data-end=\"508\">Revista Brasileira de Ci\u00eancia do Solo<\/em>, researchers from three Brazilian universities, under the leadership of Grace B. Alves, critically examine how the term has been used, based on an analysis of over a thousand scientific publications. From this review, the group proposes a return to the original meaning of &#8220;toposequence&#8221; and the adoption of more consistent criteria for its application.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"869\" data-end=\"916\">Three Different Approaches to the Same Term<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"1002\">The study identifies three main ways in which the term \u201ctoposequence\u201d has been used:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1004\" data-end=\"1277\"><strong data-start=\"1004\" data-end=\"1048\">1. Geomorphic surfaces (regional scale):<\/strong> used to represent the spatial distribution of soil classes associated with broad landform units. While valuable for exploratory surveys, this approach does <strong data-start=\"1205\" data-end=\"1212\">not<\/strong> represent a toposequence in its genetic and process-based sense.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1517\"><strong data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1293\">2. Catena:<\/strong> refers to soil profiles in different slope positions, analyzed discontinuously and with a taxonomic focus. In this case, soils are interpreted as independent elements, rather than parts of an integrated evolutionary system.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1519\" data-end=\"1821\"><strong data-start=\"1519\" data-end=\"1561\">3. Toposequence (in the strict sense):<\/strong> in this approach, the soil is conceived as a continuous cover, in which horizons transform laterally along the slope. These transformations result from the influence of topography and water fluxes, revealing a dynamic of coevolution between soil and landform.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1676\" data-end=\"2002\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1830 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/colapso.ggf.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/EN-graphical-abstract-ALVES-et-al.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1360\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https:\/\/colapso.ggf.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/EN-graphical-abstract-ALVES-et-al.jpg 1360w, https:\/\/colapso.ggf.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/EN-graphical-abstract-ALVES-et-al-1280x979.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/colapso.ggf.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/EN-graphical-abstract-ALVES-et-al-980x749.jpg 980w, https:\/\/colapso.ggf.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/EN-graphical-abstract-ALVES-et-al-480x367.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1360px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1676\" data-end=\"2002\"><div class='et-learn-more et-open clearfix'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class='heading-more open'>Graphical representation of the main approaches to spatial soil variation<span class='et_learnmore_arrow'><span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='learn-more-content'><strong data-start=\"1940\" data-end=\"1951\">Figure:<\/strong> Graphical representation of the main approaches to the study of spatial soil variation. At the regional scale, the analysis is based on geomorphic surfaces (GS1, GS2, GS3, GS4). At the local scale, catenas prevail, where soils are studied through discontinuous profiles (including lithosequences, chronosequences, biosequences). At the slope scale, the toposequence is defined by the lateral continuity of the soil cover.<br data-start=\"2373\" data-end=\"2376\" \/><strong data-start=\"2376\" data-end=\"2387\">Source:<\/strong> Adapted from Schaefer (2013), as presented in Alves et al. (2024).<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2477\" data-end=\"2824\">By distinguishing these concepts, the article proposes a more rigorous taxonomy: the term <strong data-start=\"2567\" data-end=\"2579\">\u201ccatena\u201d<\/strong> should be used when the focus is taxonomic and discontinuous; <strong data-start=\"2642\" data-end=\"2666\">\u201cgeomorphic surface\u201d<\/strong> should be used for regional-scale interpretations; and <strong data-start=\"2722\" data-end=\"2740\">\u201ctoposequence\u201d<\/strong> should be reserved for analyses of the lateral continuity of pedogenetic processes.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2307\" data-end=\"2332\">Why Does This Matter?<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2858\" data-end=\"3085\">Conceptual ambiguity affects the methodological quality of studies and hampers the comparability of results. When the concept is clearly defined, researchers can build cumulative knowledge and develop coherent research agendas.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3087\" data-end=\"3379\">Furthermore, the article proposes a more precise conceptual framework:<br data-start=\"3157\" data-end=\"3160\" \/>\u2013 Use <strong data-start=\"3166\" data-end=\"3178\">\u201ccatena\u201d<\/strong> for discontinuous taxonomic sequences<br data-start=\"3216\" data-end=\"3219\" \/>\u2013 Use <strong data-start=\"3225\" data-end=\"3249\">\u201cgeomorphic surface\u201d<\/strong> for regional-scale patterns<br data-start=\"3277\" data-end=\"3280\" \/>\u2013 Use <strong data-start=\"3286\" data-end=\"3304\">\u201ctoposequence\u201d<\/strong> only for analyses based on the lateral continuity of the pedological cover.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"3386\" data-end=\"3414\">Future Research Pathways<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3416\" data-end=\"3731\">Based on this review, the article outlines promising directions for pedology and geomorphology. Among them, four key research fronts stand out:<br data-start=\"3559\" data-end=\"3562\" \/>\u2013 Structural analysis of the soil cover<br data-start=\"3601\" data-end=\"3604\" \/>\u2013 Reconstruction of tropical landscape evolution<br data-start=\"3652\" data-end=\"3655\" \/>\u2013 Numerical slope modeling<br data-start=\"3681\" data-end=\"3684\" \/>\u2013 Use of geoindicators in pedogenetic processes<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3733\" data-end=\"3917\">Therefore, this represents a fertile agenda for multiple interrelated publications, with the potential to enhance the visibility of researchers working at the soil\u2013landscape interface<span style=\"color: #666666; font-size: 14px;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2927\" data-end=\"3131\">\ud83d\udcd6 Read the full article: <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36783\/18069657rbcs20230137\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"2954\" data-end=\"3048\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36783\/18069657rbcs20230137<\/a><br data-start=\"3048\" data-end=\"3051\" \/>\ud83d\udd17 Saiba mais no site do grupo COLAPSO: <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/colapso.ggf.br\/en\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"3091\" data-end=\"3131\">colapso.ggf.br<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2927\" data-end=\"3131\"><strong data-start=\"2851\" data-end=\"2866\">Reference:<\/strong> Alves GB, Oliveira FS, Silva AHN, Souza Junior VS. <em data-start=\"2918\" data-end=\"2960\">Toposequence: What are we talking about?<\/em> Rev Bras Cienc Solo. 2024;48:e0230137. <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36783\/18069657rbcs20230137\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"3000\" data-end=\"3045\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36783\/18069657rbcs20230137<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This post presents a critical review of the concept of toposequence in soil science. Based on a bibliometric analysis, the article identifies three main approaches: geomorphic surfaces, catena, and toposequence. It also proposes more precise criteria for the use of toposequence in pedogeomorphological studies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1796,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[396],"tags":[364,342,361,365,359,340,367,366,341,363,358,360,362],"class_list":["post-1832","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pedologia-e-paisagem-en","tag-catena-en","tag-colapso-nature-and-society","tag-fabio-oliveira-en","tag-geomorphic-surfaces","tag-geomorphology-en","tag-grace-alves-en","tag-grace-b-alves","tag-pedologic-cover","tag-pedology-en","tag-physical-geography","tag-soil-and-landscape-en","tag-soil-science-en","tag-toposequence"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Toposequences: What Are We Really Studying? - Colapso<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is a toposequence? 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